The Sociology of Georg Simmel

The Sociology of Georg Simmel

Georg Simmel, Kurt H. Wolff

pagine 445

12,00 euro

1950, 1964

The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois

Indice

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Introduction
1. Fragments of Simmers Life and Mind
2. Simmel in America
3. The Translations
4. Simmers "Field of Sociology"
(A) "SOCIETY" AND "INDIVIDUAL"
(B) SOCIOLOGY
(C) SOCIOLOGY AS A METHOD
(D) "GENERAL" SOCIOLOGY
(E) "FORMAL" SOCIOLOGY
(F) "PHILOSOPHICAL" SOCIOLOGY
(G) SIMMEL'S SOCIOLOGY AS THE EXPRESSION OF AN ATTITUDE
(H) SIMMEL'S PROBLEMS
(I) THE "SOCIALIZATION OF THE SPIRIT" vs. SOCIOLOGY AS A METHOD
(J) "GENERAL" vs. "FORMAL" SOCIOLOGY
(K) THE "SOCIETAL FORMS"
(L) THE RELATION OF SIMMEL's PHILOSOPHICAL TO HIS SOCIOLOGICAL CONCERNS
5. The Methodological and Philosophical Importance of Simmers Sociology
Notes
Appendices
(A) LITERATURE ON SIMMEL
(B) THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SIMMEL’S WRITINGS
(C) SIMMEL'S MAJOR WORKS
(D) SIMMEL'S WRITINGS AVAILABLE IN ENGLISH
(E) DISCUSSIONS, IN ENGLISH, OF SIMMEL AS A SOCIOLOGIST
(F) SOURCES OF THE TRANSLATIONS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME
(G) A NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION

Contents

PART ONE: Fundamental Problems of Sociology (Individual and Society)
I. THE FIELD OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Society and Knowledge of Society
2. The Abstract Character of Sociology
3. Sociology as a Method
4. The Problem Areas of Sociology
(A) THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HISTORICAL LIFE ("GENERAL SOCIOLOGY")
(B) THE STUDY OF SOCIETAL FORMS ("PURE, OR FORMAL, SOCIOLOGY")
(C) THE STUDY OF THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND METAPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOCIETY ("PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIOLOGY")
II. THE SOCIAL AND THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL (AN EXAMPLE OF GENERAL SOCIOLOGY)
1. The Determinateness of the Group and the Vacillation of the Individual
2. Individual vs. Group Member
3. Esteem of the Old and of the New
4. The Sociological Significance of Individual Similarity and Dissimilarity
5. The Individual's Superiority over the Mass
6. The Simplicity and Radicalism of the Mass
7. The Emotionality of the Mass Appeal and of the Mass
8. The Level of Society as the Approximation to the Lowest Common Level of Its Members
III. SOCIABILITY (AN EXAMPLE OF PURE, OF FORMAL, SOCIOLOGY)
1. Contents (Materials) vs. Forms of Social Life
2. The Autonomization of Contents
3. Sociability as the Autonomous Form, or Play-Form, of Sociation
(A) UNREALITY, TACT, IMPERSONALITY
(B) "SOCIABILITY THRESHOLDS"
(B) THE "SOCIABILITY DRIVE" AND THE DEMOCRATIC NATURE OF SOCIABILITY
(D) THE ARTIFICIAL WORLD OF SOCIABILITY
(E) SOCIAL GAMES
(F) COQUETRY
(G) CONVERSATION
(H) SOCIABILITY AS THE PLAY-FORM OF ETHICAL PROBLEMS AND OF THEIR SOLUTION
(l) HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS
(j) THE "SUPERFICIAL" CHARACTER OF SOCIABILITY
IV. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY IN EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH CENTURY VIEWS OF LIFE (AN EXAMPLE OF PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIOLOGY)
1. Individual Life as the Basis of the Conflict between Individual and Society
2. Individual Egoism vs. Individual Self-Perfection as an Objective Value
3. The Social vs. the Human
4. The Eighteenth Century
(A) THE FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL
(B) THE ANTINOMY BETWEEN FREEDOM AND EQUALITY
(C) "NATURAL MAN"
(D) INDIVIDUALISM IN KANT
(E) THE DUAL ROLE OF "NATURE"
(F) KANT'S "CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE": INDIVIDUALITY AS THE SYNTHESIS OF FREEDOM AND EQUALITY
5. The Nineteenth Century
(A) SOCIALISM 73
(B) THE NEW INDIVIDUALISM: THE INCOMPARABILITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL

PART TWO: Quantitative Aspects of the Group
I. ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NUMBERS FOR SOCIAL LIFE
1. Small Groups
(A) SOCIALISM
(B) RELIGIOUS SECTS
(C) ARISTOCRACIES
2. Large Groups: The Mass
3. Group Size, Radicalism, and Cohesiveness
4. Paradoxes in Group Structure
5. Numerical Aspects of Prominent Group Members
6. Custom, Law, Morality
II. THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF GROUP DIVISIONS
AND OF CERTAIN GROUPS
1. Introduction
2. Numerically Equal Subdivisions
3. The Number as a Symbol of Group Division
4. Group Organization on Numerical Principles and Its Effect upon the Individual
5. The Social Gathering ("Party")
6. The Extended Family
7. Quantity and Quality
III. THE ISOLATED INDIVIDUAL AND THE DYAD
1. Introduction
2. The Isolated Individual
3. Isolation
4. Freedom
5. The Dyad
6. Characteristics of the Dyad
(A) TRIVIALITY
(B) INTIMACY
7. Monogamous Marriage
8. Delegation of Duties and Responsibilities to the Group
9. The Expansion of the Dyad
(A) THE TRIAD VS. THE DYAD
(B) TWO TYPES OF INDIVIDUALITY AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH DYADIC AND OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
(C) DYADS, TRIADS, AND LARGER GROUPS
(D) THE FORMAL RADICALISM OF THE MASS
IV. THE TRIAD
1. The Sociological Significance of the Third Element
2. The Non-Partisan and the Mediator
3. The Tertius Gaudens
4. Divide et Impera
V. THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFIC NUMBERS FOR RELATIONS AMONG GROUPS '
1. Group Subdivisions
2. The Decimal Principle
3. The Outside Regulation of Groups According to Their Maximum and Minimum Sizes

PART THREE: Superordination and Subordination
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Domination, a Form of Interaction
2. Authority and Prestige
3. Leader and Led
4. Interaction in the Idea of "Law"
II. SUBORDINATION UNDER AN INDIVIDUAL
1. Three Kinds of Subordination
2. Kinds of Subordination under an Individual
3. Unification of a Group in Opposition to the Ruler
4. Dissociating Effects of Subordination under an Individual
5. The "Higher Tribunal"
6. Domination and Leveling
7. Domination and Downward Gradation
8. Domination and Upward Gradation
9. Mixture of Downward and Upward Gradation
10. Strength and Perseverance of Domination by One
11 . Subordination of the Group to a Member or to an Outsider
12. Coordination of Parties in Case of Arbitration
III. SUBORDINATION UNDER A PLURALITY
1. Consequences for the Subordinates of Subordination under a Plurality
2. Subordination under a Heterogeneous Plurality
3. Subordination under Mutually Opposed Superordinates
(A) TOTAL SUBORDINATION
(B) RELATIVE SUBORDINATION
4. Subordination under Stratified Superordinates
(A) CONTACT BETWEEN TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE STRATIFICATION SYSTEM
(B) TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURE
(C) SEPARATION BETWEEN TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE STRATIFICATION SYSTEM
5. The Phenomenon of Outvoting
IV. SUBORDINATION UNDER A PRINCIPLE
1. Subordination under a Principle vs. a Person
2. Subordination under Objects
3. Conscience
4. Society and "Objectivity"
5. The Effect of Subordination under a Principle upon the Relations between Superordinance and Subordinates
V. SUPERORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION AND DEGREES OF DOMINATION AND FREEDOM
1. Superordination without Subordinates
2. Superordination in Lieu of Freedom
3. The Sociological Error of Socialism and Anarchism
4. Super-Subordination without Degradation
5. Coordination and Reciprocal Super-Subordination
6. Super-Subordination as a Form of Social Organization and as an Expression of Individual Differences; Person vs. Position
7. Aristocracy vs. Equality
8. Coercion
9. The Inevitably Disproportionate Distribution of Qualifications

PART FOUR: The Secret and the Secret Society
I. KNOWLEDGE, TRUTH, AND FALSEHOOD IN HUMAN RELATIONS
1. Knowledge of One Another
2. Knowledge of External Nature vs. Knowledge of Persons
3. Truth, Error, and Social Life
4. The Individual as an Object of Knowledge
5. The Nature of the Psychic Process and of Communication
6. The Lie
II. TYPES OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS BY DEGREES OF RECIPROCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR PARTICIPANTS
1. Interest Groups
2. Confidence under More and Less Complex Conditions
3. "Acquaintance"
4. Discretion
5. Friendship and Love
6. Marriage
III. SECRECY
1. The Role of the Secret in Social Life
2. The Fascination of Secrecy
3. The Fascination of Betrayal
4. Secrecy and Individualization
5. Adornment
IV. THE SECRET SOCIETY
1. Protection and Confidence
2. Silence
3. Written Communication
4. Secrecy and Sociation
5. Hierarchy
6. Ritual
7. Freedom
8. Features of the Secret Society as Quantitative Modifications of General Group Features
(A) SEPARATENESS, FORMALITY, CONSCIOUSNESS
(B) EXCLUSION: SIGNS OF RECOGNITION
(C) THE ARISTOCRATIC MOTIVE; ARISTOCRACY
CD) DEGREES OF INITIATION! FORMAL AND MATERIAL SEPARATION FROM THE OUTSIDE
(E) GROUP EGOISM
(F) INCLUSIVENESS AND EXCLUSIVENESS AS GROUP PRINCIPLES
(G) SECLUSION FROM THE OUTSIDE AND INTERNAL COHESION
(H) CENTRALIZATION
(l) DE-INDIVIDUALIZATION
(j) EQUALITY OF MEMBERS
(K) THE SECRET SOCIETY AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

PART FIVE: Faithfulness and Gratitude; Negativity of Collective Behavior; the Stranger; Metropolis
I. FAITHFULNESS AND GRATITUDE
II. THE NEGATIVE CHARACTER OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
III. THE STRANGER
IV. THE METROPOLIS AND MENTAL LIFE

INDEX

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